AGENCIES OF EDUCATION

Educational agencies are the means to achieve some goal. The role and goal of agencies of education are the impart different types of education. An individual acquires knowledge and experiences through different ways. So these sources and ways of learning take place in different institution which exercise an educational influence on the child. So the agencies of education are called the chief communicating agents between individual and the goal of education.

According, to the role, educational agencies are two types- Active and Passive and according to their form they are of three types i.e. formal, informal and non-formal. These types of agencies are explained in the following ways.

(1) Active Agencies:

Active agencies are those where both educator and educed are active participants. The action and reactions are entertained. The school, home, family are considered as the active agencies of education. Learning is a two-way process. Interaction is lively.

(2) Passive agencies:

Passive agencies are those which influence the learners but they are not influenced in return. The teaching-learning process is one way. These create public opinion and public control. If the leaner is interested he may learn. Radio, TV, press, Library are the examples of passive agencies.

(3) Formal agencies:

Formal agencies are more or less deliberately set up by the society. It has specific objectives, curriculum, examination system, etc. These are formal because they are pre-planned. The place and time are fixed. School, college, university are the examples of formal agencies of education.

(4) Informal agencies:

There are agencies which grow up spontaneously and also dissolve in the same way. They observe no formalities. They indirectly impart education. If one is interested one can learn. They include family, society, playground, professional organizations, youth activity groups, etc.

(5) Non-formal agencies:

It is the recent concept used in India. It helps the formal agencies of education. Those who are not getting chance in formal agencies of education like schools, colleges and universities may go through the non-formal agencies of education. The programmes are meant for out of school youths, adults, and women. Correspondence course, Open University and adult education include in the non-formal agencies of education.

Definition of education

John locke: “Education is the attainment of a sound mind in a sound body”.

Rousseau: “Education is the process of development into an enjoyable,rational,harmoniously balanced,useful and hence natural life”.it is the development of child’s natural powers and abilities from within.

John Deway: “Education is the development of all those capacities in the individual which will enable him to control his environment and fulfil his possibilities”.

Mahatma Gandhi: “By education, I mean all round drawing out of the best in child and man body, mind and spirit”.

Aims of Education

National Policy on Education

The National Policy on Education (NPE) is apolicy formulated by the Government of Indiato promote education amongst India’s people. The policy covers elementary education to colleges in both rural and urban India. The first NPE was promulgated in 1968 by the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, and the second by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi ^{in 1986. The government of India has appointed a new committee under K. Kasturirangan to prepare a Draft for the new National Education Policy in 2017.}

SECONDARY EDUCATION COMMISSION(1952-53)

Introduction

*The secondary education appointed by the government of India in term of their Resolution number F 9-5/52 B-1 dated 23 September 1952

*The commission appointed by the government of India .

*Dr A. Lakshmanswami Mudaliar (vice-chancellor madras university chairman).

AIMS OF SECONDARY EDUCATION COMMISSION

*Development of democratic citizenship

*Development of personality

*Education for leadership.

*Improvement of vocational capability and efficiency

*Concept of world citizenship

EXAMINATIONAL REFORM

*Balance mixture of essay type, short answer type and objective type question

*Thought provoking question

*There should be no optional questions

*Question should be made to cover the maximum course

*In place of one paper of three hour duration in a particular subject their should be two paper each of three hour

*Class work be given some consideration

*External exams may be supplemented by vivavoce

*Marking norms should be carefully determined and prescribed

*Difficult, as well as easy question should place in question paper

*There should be no compulsory public examination

*The number of external exam should be reduce

*Cumulative records in respect of every child should be introduced and and maintained

*Symbol / Grades in place of numerical marking should be introduced

^{Kothari Commission}

Indian Education Commission (1964-1966), popularly known as Kothari Commission, was an ad hoc commission set up by theGovernment of India ^{to examine all aspects of the educational sector in India, to evolve a general pattern of education and to advise guidelines and policies for the development of education in India. It was formed on 14 July 1964 under the chairmanship of} Daulat Singh Kothari, then chairman of the University Grants Commission^{. The terms of reference of the commission was to formulate the general principles and guidelines for the development of education from primary level to the highest and advise the government on a standardized national pattern of education in India. However, the medical and legal studies were excluded from the purview of the commission. The tenancy of the commission was from 1964 to 1966 and the report was submitted by the commission on 29 June 1966.}

Education

 

ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING OF EDUCATION

Etymologically, the word ‘Education’ has been derived from different Latin words.

a) ‘educare’ which means ‘to bring out’or ‘to nourish’.

b) ‘educere’ which means ‘to lead out’ or‘to draw out’.

c) ‘educatum’ which means ‘act of teaching’ or ‘training’.

d) ‘educatus’ which means ‘to bring up, rear, educate’.

e) ‘ēducātiō’ which means “a breeding, a bringing up, a rearing.”

· The Greek word ‘pedagogy’ is sometimes used for education.

· The most common Indian word‘shiksha’ is derived from the Sanskrit verbal root ‘shas’ which means ‘to discipline’, ‘to control’, ‘to instruct’ and‘to teach’.

· Similarly the word ‘vidya’ is derived from Sanskrit verbal root ‘vid’ which means ‘to know’.

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Education is the process of facilitatinglearning, or the acquisition of knowledge,skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion,teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may alsoeducate themselves.^[1] Education can take place in formal or informal settings and anyexperience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.

Education is commonly divided formally into such stages as preschool or kindergarten,primary school, secondary school and thencollege, university, or apprenticeship.

A right to education has been recognized by some governments and the United Nations.^[2]In most regions, education is compulsory up to a certain age.